9+ Essential Batman Long Halloween Reading Order!


9+ Essential Batman Long Halloween Reading Order!

The sequence in which one approaches the narrative of Jeph Loeb and Tim Sale’s “The Long Halloween,” alongside related materials, significantly impacts comprehension and appreciation of the story’s complexities. The chronological arrangement allows for a deeper understanding of character development, plot intricacies, and thematic resonance within the broader Batman mythos. For example, experiencing the core narrative before delving into associated works like “Dark Victory” provides a richer understanding of the evolving relationship between Batman and his allies, as well as the shifting dynamics of Gotham City’s criminal underworld.

A carefully considered path through this material is crucial because the story unfolds across an extended timeframe, weaving together numerous subplots and character arcs. Observing events in their intended order allows readers to witness the gradual erosion of Batman’s ideals, the emergence of new threats, and the transformation of familiar characters. This approach heightens the emotional impact and provides a greater sense of narrative cohesion. Furthermore, it offers insights into the historical evolution of the Batman universe, showcasing how “The Long Halloween” and its successors have shaped subsequent storylines and interpretations of the character.

The following sections will detail a recommended pathway through “The Long Halloween” and its related works, including essential tie-ins and sequels. This guide aims to maximize enjoyment and facilitate a thorough understanding of the narrative’s many layers and interconnections. The upcoming discussion will present a structured timeline, outlining the ideal sequence for reading each installment and highlighting key aspects to consider during the reading experience.

1. Core Story First

Initiating the reading experience with the primary narrative, “The Long Halloween,” is paramount to understanding the complexities and subsequent impact of its events. This sequential approach establishes a necessary foundation before exploring supplementary materials or sequels, thereby ensuring a more coherent and enriching reading experience.

  • Narrative Foundation

    Beginning with “The Long Halloween” provides the essential context for all subsequent storylines. The introduction of characters, the establishment of the central mystery, and the depiction of Gotham’s evolving criminal landscape are all foundational to understanding the later narratives. Ignoring this initial step diminishes the impact of character arcs and plot resolutions found in related works.

  • Character Introduction and Development

    The core story meticulously introduces key characters like Batman, Harvey Dent, James Gordon, and various members of Gotham’s Rogues Gallery. Witnessing their initial interactions and gradual transformations within “The Long Halloween” allows for a deeper appreciation of their roles in subsequent narratives, particularly “Dark Victory,” where their development continues.

  • Mystery Unfolding

    The central mystery surrounding the Holiday killer is strategically unveiled throughout “The Long Halloween.” This slow-burn approach builds suspense and compels the reader to engage with the detective elements of the story. Prematurely diverting to other materials can dilute the impact of the mystery and reveal crucial plot points before their intended reveal, hindering the overall experience.

  • Thematic Resonance

    “The Long Halloween” explores themes of justice, corruption, and the blurred lines between hero and villain. Experiencing this exploration firsthand, without the influence of external narratives, allows readers to fully grasp the thematic resonance that underlies the entire story arc. This understanding enriches the interpretation of related works and provides a more complete perspective on the moral complexities of Gotham City.

Therefore, adhering to the “Core Story First” principle is not merely a suggestion but a crucial element for effectively navigating the intricacies of “The Long Halloween” and its associated narratives. By prioritizing the primary storyline, readers establish a solid foundation for understanding character development, appreciating the unfolding mystery, and recognizing the deeper thematic undercurrents that define this pivotal chapter in the Batman mythos.

2. “Dark Victory” Follows

The placement of “Dark Victory” immediately following the original narrative is critical within the overall reading progression. It serves as a direct sequel, building upon the established character arcs, unresolved mysteries, and thematic explorations introduced in its predecessor. Disregarding this sequence disrupts the intended narrative flow and diminishes the cumulative impact of the two storylines.

  • Continuation of Character Arcs

    “Dark Victory” continues the character development initiated in “The Long Halloween,” particularly for Batman, Robin (Dick Grayson), and Commissioner Gordon. Observing their reactions to the events of the initial story, and their subsequent growth, is only possible when experiencing the narratives sequentially. For example, Batman’s evolving approach to crime-fighting, influenced by the Holiday killings, informs his interactions with the newly orphaned Dick Grayson, a crucial element in understanding their dynamic.

  • Resolution of Lingering Mysteries

    While “The Long Halloween” resolves its primary plotline, certain threads remain open, either explicitly or implicitly. “Dark Victory” addresses these loose ends, providing closure to lingering questions and offering further insight into the motivations of key characters. The mystery surrounding Alberto Falcone’s role, for instance, is further explored, offering a more complete picture of the Falcone family’s downfall and its impact on Gotham’s power structure.

  • Thematic Evolution

    The themes of justice, corruption, and the cost of vigilantism, central to “The Long Halloween,” are further developed and explored in “Dark Victory.” The introduction of a new wave of “freak” criminals, alongside the remnants of the old guard, provides a framework for examining the evolving nature of crime in Gotham City. This thematic evolution is best appreciated after having grappled with the initial themes presented in the original story, allowing for a deeper understanding of their complexities.

  • Building the Batman Mythos

    “Dark Victory” plays a crucial role in solidifying key elements of the Batman mythos, particularly the origin of Robin and the transformation of Gotham City. By experiencing the story directly after “The Long Halloween,” readers witness the formalization of the Batman-Robin partnership and its significance within the larger context of Gotham’s fight against crime. This sequential understanding enriches the appreciation of subsequent Batman stories and their reliance on these established elements.

The deliberate placement of “Dark Victory” in the reading path isn’t arbitrary; it’s structurally essential for comprehending the full scope of the narrative and the profound impact it has on the Batman universe. By prioritizing this chronological order, readers are best positioned to appreciate the evolution of characters, the resolution of lingering mysteries, and the broader thematic implications woven throughout both narratives.

3. “Haunted Knight” Interlude

The placement of “Haunted Knight” as an interlude within the intended sequence offers contextual enrichment rather than direct narrative progression. “Haunted Knight,” a collection of Batman Halloween specials by Loeb and Sale, consists of three separate stories: “Legends of the Dark Knight Halloween Special,” “Batman: Madness,” and “Batman: Ghosts.” While these stories do not directly advance the plot of “The Long Halloween” or “Dark Victory,” they provide valuable insights into Batman’s psychology, particularly his relationship with fear, loss, and the supernatural elements often intertwined with Gotham’s criminal underbelly. Therefore, its inclusion within a carefully considered path contributes to a deeper, more nuanced comprehension of the character’s motivations and the overall atmosphere.

The value of “Haunted Knight” lies in its thematic resonance with the core narrative arc. By exploring Batman’s internal struggles on Halloween night across different years, the anthology illuminates the psychological toll of his crusade against crime. The stories underscore the recurring motif of loss that permeates both “The Long Halloween” and “Dark Victory,” offering further insight into the emotional burden Batman carries. Furthermore, the tales’ focus on supernatural and gothic elements provides a counterpoint to the more grounded detective work of the primary storyline, highlighting the multifaceted nature of Gotham and the challenges Batman faces. Its placement between “The Long Halloween” and “Dark Victory” provides a breath or space, which also makes the audiences more ready to delve into “Dark Victory” after the original mystery.

Ultimately, the “Haunted Knight” interlude functions as a character study, enriching the understanding of Batman’s psyche and the thematic undercurrents that drive the larger narrative. While not essential for plot comprehension, it offers a deeper appreciation for the emotional and psychological landscape of the Batman universe, enhancing the overall reading experience by providing a more holistic view of the central figure. It’s a deliberate pause to observe the emotional state, before advancing into the plot-heavy progression.

4. Catwoman’s Perspective

A comprehensive understanding of the events unfolding within “The Long Halloween” benefits significantly from considering Selina Kyle’s, or Catwoman’s, perspective. While not the central protagonist, her actions and motivations are interwoven throughout the narrative, providing an alternative lens through which to view Gotham’s descent and Batman’s struggle. This vantage point offers insights into the criminal underworld, the complexities of moral ambiguity, and the evolving dynamics of Batman’s relationships. Integrating Catwoman’s actions into the chronological understanding of “The Long Halloween” enriches the experience. For example, considering her motivations behind certain thefts during the Holiday killings can shed light on possible suspects or disrupt established assumptions regarding the killer’s identity. The narrative is enriched by this perspective.

The utility of incorporating Catwoman’s viewpoint extends beyond plot intricacies. It also provides a crucial commentary on the socio-economic factors that fuel Gotham’s criminal activity. As a character operating outside the established legal frameworks, Selina’s choices often reflect a survivalist mentality driven by systemic inequalities. Consequently, her actions challenge the reader to consider the ethical implications of Batman’s methods and the limitations of his worldview. Her presence also illustrates the gradual transformation of Gotham, mirroring the changing dynamics within the city. Her involvement in the overall events add more depth to the overall narrative.

In summary, integrating Catwoman’s perspective into the established pathway through the narrative isn’t merely optional; it is integral to achieving a holistic understanding of its thematic concerns and character motivations. This approach provides deeper insights into the narrative’s complexity, adding more weight and depth into the overall structure, creating a richer reading experience. Acknowledging the character’s role expands on established points in a constructive manner.

5. Continuity Matters

The concept of continuity, its consistency of the characteristics of people, plot, objects, and places seen by the reader over some period, directly influences the comprehension of “The Long Halloween” and associated narratives. Consideration of established timelines and character histories within the Batman universe allows for a more nuanced appreciation of the storyline’s significance and impact. Disregard for continuity can lead to misinterpretations and a diminished understanding of the narrative’s complexities.

  • Pre-Crisis vs. Post-Crisis Interpretations

    The continuity framework in which “The Long Halloween” is interpreted significantly affects its understanding. While generally considered a Post-Crisis narrative, awareness of Pre-Crisis elements can provide additional context for character motivations and historical relationships within Gotham City. For example, understanding the Falcone family’s Pre-Crisis history might shed light on their power dynamics and influence, even within the Post-Crisis reimagining. This allows readers to understand the differences from the changes in continuity.

  • Internal Consistency and Retcons

    Maintaining awareness of internal consistencies within the story itself is vital. Discrepancies or retcons (retroactive continuities) introduced in later Batman stories might impact the interpretation of events in “The Long Halloween.” Recognizing these inconsistencies allows for a critical assessment of the narrative’s place within the larger Batman canon. An example of this can affect plot point or a relationship.

  • Impact on Character Development

    Understanding the established histories of characters like Batman, James Gordon, and Harvey Dent informs the reader’s perception of their actions and transformations within “The Long Halloween.” Awareness of their past experiences and relationships adds depth to their motivations and allows for a more empathetic understanding of their choices. The continuity of character actions impacts this reading order in a serious manner.

  • Relationship to Other Batman Arcs

    “The Long Halloween” is often considered a cornerstone of modern Batman storytelling. Recognizing its influence on subsequent storylines and character interpretations enhances the appreciation of its legacy. Understanding how elements introduced in “The Long Halloween” are revisited or reinterpreted in later arcs, such as “Hush” or “War Games,” underscores its lasting impact. This is useful when determining reading order and context.

The aforementioned points emphasize that continuity, or its careful consideration, serves as a crucial element in navigating the complexities of “The Long Halloween” and its position within the larger Batman narrative. A thorough understanding of these connections facilitates a comprehensive appreciation of the storyline’s significance and its lasting impact on the Batman mythos, assisting the reader in determining the optimal “batman long halloween reading order”.

6. Character Development Focus

Concentrating on the evolution of individuals within “The Long Halloween” directly informs the significance of a specific sequence. Prioritizing character arcs allows a deeper understanding of the narrative’s thematic concerns and plot intricacies, thereby influencing the perception and value of the optimal arrangement.

  • Batman’s Moral Compromise

    Observing Batman’s slow erosion of his strict moral code is essential. A properly sequenced reading allows one to witness the incremental compromises he makes, driven by the Holiday killer investigation. Witnessing this development chronologically, through dialogue and action, underscores the internal conflict central to the narrative’s impact. This aspect is key to determining the reading order.

  • Harvey Dent’s Transformation

    Harvey Dent’s transition from idealistic district attorney to the villainous Two-Face constitutes a core element of the story. A specific sequence allows one to track the subtle shifts in his psyche, the increasing paranoia and anger, and the devastating impact of Maroni’s acid attack. Understanding these phases sequentially, rather than in a fragmented manner, heightens the tragedy of his fall, a key consideration for the optimal reading path.

  • James Gordon’s Burden

    The weight of responsibility borne by James Gordon, both as a police officer and a family man, is progressively emphasized. A chronological approach reveals the increasing stress he endures, the sacrifices he makes, and the toll it takes on his personal life. Observing this gradual accumulation of pressure adds nuance to his character and influences the perception of his role in the overall narrative, informing the sequential appreciation of the source material.

  • Selina Kyle’s Ambiguity

    Selina Kyle’s motivations and loyalties remain deliberately ambiguous throughout “The Long Halloween.” A specific reading sequence allows one to observe her shifting alliances, her calculated actions, and the underlying factors driving her behavior. By carefully tracking her interactions with Batman and other characters, a greater understanding of her complex moral compass emerges, enriching the reading experience and impacting the assessment of the optimal arrangement.

Focusing on character development necessitates a sequential reading plan. Observing the evolution of key figures like Batman, Dent, Gordon, and Kyle in their intended order enables a deeper comprehension of the narrative’s thematic undercurrents and plot machinations. This, in turn, influences the understanding of the narrative’s impact and the reasoning behind a particular “batman long halloween reading order”.

7. Impact on Mythology

The narrative sequence significantly affects the perception of its influence on the broader Batman mythology. The chronological order of consuming “The Long Halloween,” its direct sequel “Dark Victory,” and associated materials dictates the understanding of the story’s role in shaping subsequent characterizations, plot devices, and thematic explorations within the Batman universe. For example, the portrayal of Harvey Dent’s transformation into Two-Face, established in “The Long Halloween,” has been revisited and reinterpreted across various media, highlighting the storyline’s enduring impact on the character’s mythos. Presenting this transformation outside the established context of the sequence diminishes the appreciation of its originality and profound influence on later depictions. The initial impression and the storys impact are crucial for understanding its place in the Batman universe.

The importance of adhering to a deliberate sequence stems from the ripple effect these narratives have had on other storylines. The Long Halloweens focus on organized crime and the transition of Gotham’s criminal landscape is not only a story point but a reflection of how modern Batman comics adapted to themes of corruption. Understanding this aspect is important when mapping a chronological reading order. In addition, the exploration of Batman’s detective skills, combined with a noir-infused atmosphere, became a recurring element in many adaptations of the character. Comprehending the original context within The Long Halloween enhances the appreciation for its role in setting these precedents.

Therefore, the narratives impact on mythology is a critical factor to consider when establishing a suggested reading order. Approaching the storylines sequentially allows for recognition of the plots direct influences and broader thematic resonance within the Batman canon. Failure to do so disrupts the intended perception of the narrative’s significance and reduces understanding of the ongoing effect on one of the largest modern popular culture. It is essential to respect the storys construction and its role in creating archetypical Batman settings.

8. Detective Comics Context

Understanding the chronology of Batman stories within Detective Comics enriches the reading of The Long Halloween, adding depth and nuance to its place within the broader Batman canon. Examining relevant Detective Comics issues published both before and after The Long Halloween highlights the evolution of the character, the world he inhabits, and the lasting impact of the Holiday Killer storyline.

  • Pre- Long Halloween Influences

    Examining Detective Comics issues leading up to The Long Halloween reveals prevailing trends in Batman storytelling that influenced the narrative. Detective work, grounded realism, and the exploration of Gotham’s criminal underworld were all established themes in Detective Comics. These elements formed the foundation upon which The Long Halloween built its noir-influenced detective mystery. Notable storylines or character introductions in Detective Comics immediately preceding The Long Halloween might offer insight into the story’s thematic concerns or character choices.

  • Character Introductions and Developments

    Detective Comics has historically served as a primary venue for introducing and developing key characters within the Batman mythos. Examining issues published before The Long Halloween can shed light on the initial portrayals of characters like Commissioner Gordon, Harvey Dent, and various members of Batman’s rogues gallery. Understanding their origins and prior interactions provides a richer context for appreciating their roles and transformations within The Long Halloween. The reading order should align with the continuity of these characters across both titles.

  • Thematic Resonance and Divergence

    Analyzing Detective Comics storylines published concurrently with or immediately following The Long Halloween reveals the thematic resonance between the two titles. Did Detective Comics explore similar themes of corruption, moral ambiguity, or the cost of vigilantism? Or did it diverge, offering a contrasting perspective on the Batman universe? Understanding these parallels and divergences provides a more holistic view of the Batman narrative during that period. A thoughtful approach to the reading order would consider these thematic intersections.

  • Post- Long Halloween Legacy

    The Long Halloween‘s influence on subsequent Batman stories is undeniable. Examining Detective Comics issues published after The Long Halloween can illustrate the storyline’s lasting impact on character depictions, plot structures, and thematic concerns. Did subsequent Detective Comics storylines revisit themes or characters introduced in The Long Halloween? Did they build upon its exploration of Gotham’s criminal underworld or Batman’s detective skills? Recognizing these connections underscores The Long Halloween‘s significance within the larger Batman mythos and further justifies considering it when establishing a comprehensive “batman long halloween reading order”.

Incorporating the Detective Comics context into the appreciation of The Long Halloween enhances the reading experience by providing a broader understanding of the Batman universe and the storyline’s place within it. By exploring the preceding and subsequent Detective Comics issues, readers can gain a deeper insight into the characters, themes, and overall narrative trajectory of the Batman mythos, leading to a more informed and nuanced understanding of a optimal “batman long halloween reading order”.

9. Pre-Crisis/Post-Crisis

The distinction between Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis continuities significantly influences the interpretation and placement of “The Long Halloween” within a comprehensive Batman reading plan. These eras represent distinct revisions of DC Comics’ fictional universe, altering character histories, timelines, and thematic underpinnings. A reader’s awareness of these differences is essential for establishing a logical and satisfying “batman long halloween reading order”.

  • Divergent Character Backstories

    Pre-Crisis versions of characters appearing in “The Long Halloween” possess different histories and relationships compared to their Post-Crisis counterparts. For instance, the origins and motivations of characters like Carmine Falcone and Salvatore Maroni might differ significantly depending on the continuity. A reader must be aware of these alterations to fully appreciate the story’s character dynamics. Failure to acknowledge these variances could result in misinterpretations of character actions and motivations, affecting the overall perception of a sensible “batman long halloween reading order”.

  • Altered Timelines and Events

    The Post-Crisis reboot streamlined and redefined the Batman timeline, altering or removing certain events from continuity. These changes can impact the perceived relationship between “The Long Halloween” and other Batman stories. A narrative that fits seamlessly into a Pre-Crisis reading list might present contradictions or inconsistencies within a Post-Crisis framework, influencing the placement of “The Long Halloween” within a broader reading sequence. The presence and absence of specific plots is key to determining the placement of different plot points, as well.

  • Thematic Shifts and Reinterpretations

    The thematic focus of Batman stories shifted in the wake of the Crisis on Infinite Earths event. Pre-Crisis narratives often emphasized a lighter, more fantastical tone, while Post-Crisis stories embraced a darker, more grounded approach. Understanding this thematic shift is essential for interpreting the tone and themes of “The Long Halloween.” A reader accustomed to the Pre-Crisis style might find the story’s grim realism jarring, while a Post-Crisis reader might find it consistent with the established tone. The shift can play into both determining where a story fits in continuity and understanding the intent behind it.

  • Relevance of Tie-In Materials

    The decision to include specific tie-in materials or related Batman stories within a “batman long halloween reading order” is directly influenced by continuity considerations. Certain stories might be considered essential reading within one continuity but deemed irrelevant or non-canonical within another. This is particularly relevant for stories that directly contradict or retcon events established in “The Long Halloween” or “Dark Victory”. Determining where these materials fit within continuity is essential to establishing the correct reading order.

Consequently, the conscious awareness of Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis distinctions is not merely a matter of historical trivia; it is a prerequisite for effectively navigating the complexities of “The Long Halloween” and integrating it into a comprehensive Batman reading experience. Accounting for the divergent character backstories, timeline alterations, thematic shifts, and relevance of tie-in materials across these continuities ensures a more informed and satisfying journey through the Batman mythos, impacting the arrangement and reasoning behind a “batman long halloween reading order”.

Frequently Asked Questions

The following addresses recurring inquiries concerning the optimal sequence for experiencing the “Long Halloween” narrative and its related content. These questions are designed to clarify uncertainties and enhance the comprehension of this complex storyline.

Question 1: Why is the order in which one reads “The Long Halloween” considered important?

The chronological arrangement directly impacts understanding the story’s character development, plot intricacies, and overarching themes. Deviating from a recommended sequence can diminish the narrative’s impact and create confusion regarding character motivations.

Question 2: What constitutes the core reading for experiencing the storyline?

“The Long Halloween” itself forms the foundational text. Subsequent materials, such as “Dark Victory” and “Haunted Knight,” build upon this foundation, expanding upon the characters and plot points introduced in the initial narrative.

Question 3: Where does “Dark Victory” fit within the overall path?

“Dark Victory” serves as a direct sequel to “The Long Halloween” and must be experienced after the initial storyline to fully appreciate the continuation of character arcs and resolution of lingering mysteries.

Question 4: How does “Haunted Knight” enhance the comprehension of “The Long Halloween”?

“Haunted Knight,” while not a direct continuation of the main plot, provides valuable insight into Batman’s psychology, specifically his relationship with fear and loss. This thematic resonance enriches the understanding of Batman’s motivations throughout “The Long Halloween” and “Dark Victory.”

Question 5: Is knowledge of Batman continuity essential for understanding “The Long Halloween”?

Familiarity with Batman continuity, particularly the distinction between Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis eras, allows for a more nuanced interpretation of the story’s characters and events. However, “The Long Halloween” can be appreciated as a standalone narrative without extensive prior knowledge of the Batman mythos.

Question 6: Does Catwoman’s role contribute to a deeper understanding of the narrative?

Catwoman’s perspective provides a unique vantage point into the events of “The Long Halloween,” offering insights into Gotham’s criminal underworld and the moral complexities of its inhabitants. Considering her actions enhances the reader’s appreciation of the story’s thematic depth.

Adhering to the above principles ensures the optimal comprehension of narrative elements, character motivations and thematic points contained in the story.

The subsequent section will address common misconceptions regarding “The Long Halloween” and its relationship to other Batman storylines.

Navigating the Batman

The following provides specific advice designed to maximize understanding and appreciation of this complex narrative. These tips are intended to guide the reader through the story and related materials, ensuring a fulfilling experience.

Tip 1: Establish Foundational Knowledge. Initiate the experience with a thorough reading of the core “Long Halloween” storyline before delving into supplemental materials. This establishes a necessary framework for understanding character motivations and plot developments.

Tip 2: Adhere to Chronological Sequencing. Strictly follow the intended order, progressing from “The Long Halloween” to “Dark Victory,” and then consider “Haunted Knight” as an interlude. This preserves the narrative’s pacing and allows for the gradual unfolding of key mysteries.

Tip 3: Consider the Detective Comics Context. Research relevant Detective Comics issues published before, during, and after the release of “The Long Halloween” to gain a broader understanding of Batman’s world and the story’s place within the larger canon.

Tip 4: Analyze Character Arcs. Pay close attention to the transformation of key characters, particularly Harvey Dent, and Batman. This analysis reveals the story’s thematic concerns regarding justice, corruption, and the cost of vigilantism. The reading order maximizes the impact of such transformations.

Tip 5: Acknowledge Continuity Differences. Be mindful of Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis continuities and their impact on character backstories and the established timeline. These variances can influence the interpretation of certain events.

Tip 6: Contextualize Catwoman’s Role. Intentionally focus on the character of Catwoman, or Selena Kyle. She exists as more than a supporting character within the pages of the Long Halloween. This helps with context.

Tip 7: Examine Mythology Impact. Comprehend “The Long Halloween’s” influence on the greater Batman mythos. The story is a cornerstone of many story elements.

These tips offer a guide for understanding and enjoying this narrative.

Proceeding to the following conclusion summarizes key points of the article.

Conclusion

The preceding analysis underscored the critical importance of sequential engagement with “The Long Halloween” and its related narratives. Comprehension of character arcs, plot complexities, and thematic resonance are fundamentally dependent upon adherence to a thoughtfully constructed reading path. Failing to prioritize chronology diminishes the impact of key storylines and undermines the intended narrative structure.

Therefore, meticulous attention to the suggested “batman long halloween reading order” is not merely a recommendation, but a necessary prerequisite for a comprehensive and enriching understanding of this pivotal chapter in the Batman mythos. Ignoring the established sequence risks overlooking the nuanced character development, intricate plot connections, and profound thematic explorations that define this influential work. Engagement with the material in the proper sequence offers readers the greatest insight and enjoyment.