9+ Easy Halloween Makeup for Girls! Spooky Fun


9+ Easy Halloween Makeup for Girls! Spooky Fun

Simple Halloween makeup ideas intended for young girls encompass designs and application techniques that are both age-appropriate and manageable for creation by parents or guardians, often with minimal professional expertise. These concepts range from character portrayals like animals or fairies to stylized takes on traditional Halloween figures, prioritizing ease of application and removal.

The accessibility of such makeup designs is paramount, allowing for creative expression and participation in Halloween festivities without requiring extensive time, skill, or potentially harsh chemicals. This approach fosters a positive and inclusive environment, ensuring younger participants can safely and enjoyably engage in the holiday’s activities. Historically, Halloween makeup for children has evolved from basic face paint to incorporate more intricate designs, yet the emphasis on simplicity and safety remains central.

The following sections will delve into specific examples of these makeup ideas, detail necessary supplies and application methods, and provide guidance on ensuring safety and ease of removal, ultimately providing a valuable resource for creating memorable and enjoyable Halloween experiences for young girls.

1. Non-toxic materials

The employment of non-toxic materials is paramount in the context of simple Halloween makeup for young girls. The delicate nature of children’s skin necessitates the avoidance of substances that could induce irritation, allergic reactions, or more severe health consequences. Consequently, the selection of face paints, glitter, and other cosmetic products must prioritize formulations explicitly labeled as non-toxic, hypoallergenic, and specifically designed for use on children’s skin. The causal relationship is direct: use of non-toxic materials minimizes the risk of adverse health effects.

The practical significance of adhering to this principle is readily demonstrable. For instance, numerous commercially available face paint kits contain ingredients such as heavy metals or formaldehyde-releasing preservatives, both of which pose significant health risks. Opting instead for water-based paints certified by regulatory bodies to be free of harmful substances ensures the safety of the user. This is particularly crucial given the frequency with which children may rub or touch their faces, increasing the potential for ingestion or absorption of harmful chemicals.

In summary, the utilization of non-toxic materials is not merely a recommendation but a fundamental requirement for simple Halloween makeup intended for young girls. The health risks associated with conventional cosmetic products necessitate a vigilant approach to product selection, prioritizing certified non-toxic formulations to safeguard the well-being of the child. Failure to do so negates the benefits of creating a fun and engaging Halloween experience by introducing unnecessary health hazards.

2. Simple application

Simple application serves as a cornerstone of successful Halloween makeup designed for young girls. The intended audience, often lacking the patience and attention span for complex procedures, necessitates makeup routines that are quick, straightforward, and easily executable by a parent or guardian with limited artistic skill. Complicated techniques, intricate designs, or prolonged application times directly contradict the objective of creating a fun and stress-free Halloween experience. As such, the ease of application becomes a defining characteristic of such makeup concepts, influencing design choices, product selection, and overall effectiveness.

The practical implications of emphasizing simple application are manifold. For example, opting for designs that utilize basic shapes, readily available stencils, or pre-mixed color palettes significantly reduces the complexity of the process. A design featuring simple cat whiskers and a painted nose, applied with a single brush and a readily available black face paint stick, exemplifies this principle. Conversely, attempting to replicate a highly detailed character portrait with multiple layers of blending and shading would likely result in frustration and a negative experience for both the child and the applicator. Furthermore, the type of product employed directly impacts application ease; cream-based face paints, known for their blendability, may prove more manageable for beginners compared to liquid-based alternatives that require greater precision.

In essence, prioritizing simple application in Halloween makeup for young girls transforms the process from a potential chore into an enjoyable activity. By focusing on achievable designs, utilizing appropriate tools, and streamlining the application process, the likelihood of a successful and positive outcome increases significantly. This emphasis on simplicity not only saves time and reduces stress but also empowers parents and guardians to create memorable Halloween looks without the need for professional assistance. Ignoring this principle risks undermining the overall goal of providing a fun and accessible Halloween experience for young participants.

3. Quick Removal

The ease and speed with which Halloween makeup can be removed is a crucial consideration when selecting appropriate designs for young girls. Prolonged or difficult removal processes can lead to skin irritation, discomfort, and a negative overall experience, thereby negating the positive aspects of creative expression through makeup.

  • Water-Based Formulas

    Water-based makeup formulations are inherently easier to remove than oil-based or highly pigmented alternatives. Simple soap and water are typically sufficient to dissolve and cleanse the skin, minimizing the need for harsh chemicals or abrasive scrubbing. This reduces the likelihood of skin irritation and is particularly beneficial for sensitive skin. The application of water-based products directly correlates with simplified removal, ensuring comfort and minimizing potential skin reactions.

  • Avoidance of Glitters and Adhesives

    Glitter and heavy adhesives can be difficult to remove, often requiring specialized cleansers and prolonged scrubbing. These materials tend to cling to the skin and may cause irritation or abrasion during the removal process. Excluding glitter and relying on makeup designs that do not necessitate strong adhesives contribute significantly to streamlined removal. This avoids the complications associated with stubborn residues and potential skin damage.

  • Use of Gentle Cleansers

    Employing gentle, child-friendly cleansers specifically formulated for removing makeup is essential. These cleansers should be free of harsh chemicals, fragrances, and alcohol, which can strip the skin of its natural oils and cause dryness or irritation. Micellar water or hypoallergenic makeup wipes provide effective yet gentle cleansing, facilitating quick and comfortable removal without compromising the skin’s integrity. The selection of appropriate cleansers is instrumental in ensuring a smooth and irritation-free removal process.

  • Pre-Application Barrier

    Applying a thin layer of moisturizer or barrier cream before makeup application creates a protective layer between the skin and the makeup pigments. This barrier prevents the makeup from directly adhering to the skin, simplifying the removal process and reducing the risk of staining. The use of a pre-application barrier acts as a release agent, facilitating the easy lifting of makeup pigments during cleansing and minimizing the need for aggressive scrubbing.

The implementation of these strategies underscores the importance of quick removal in the context of Halloween makeup for young girls. By prioritizing water-based formulas, avoiding troublesome additives, employing gentle cleansers, and establishing a pre-application barrier, the removal process becomes significantly more manageable, contributing to a positive and enjoyable Halloween experience while safeguarding the child’s skin from potential irritation or damage.

4. Age-appropriate designs

The selection of age-appropriate designs is a critical determinant in the successful execution of simple Halloween makeup for young girls. Designs must align with the child’s developmental stage, interests, and the overall context of a safe and enjoyable Halloween experience. Inappropriate designs can lead to discomfort, fear, or misinterpretation, undermining the intent of festive celebration.

  • Minimizing Gore and Violence

    Designs that incorporate excessive gore, violence, or frightening imagery are generally unsuitable for young children. Their still-developing understanding of reality can blur the lines between fantasy and actuality, leading to anxiety or nightmares. Age-appropriate designs should focus on whimsical, imaginative, or character-based themes that avoid disturbing or unsettling elements. Examples include animal faces, fairy tale characters, or simplified versions of classic Halloween figures like ghosts or pumpkins presented in a non-threatening manner.

  • Cultural Sensitivity and Avoidance of Stereotypes

    Makeup designs must be evaluated for potential cultural insensitivity or perpetuation of harmful stereotypes. Avoidance of costumes or makeup that appropriates or misrepresents cultural identities is essential. Age-appropriate choices should promote inclusivity and respect for diverse cultures. This includes steering clear of stereotypical depictions of ethnic groups or characters that could be construed as offensive or demeaning. Promoting positive representation and avoiding potentially harmful imagery is paramount.

  • Simplicity and Recognizability

    Age-appropriate designs often prioritize simplicity and clear recognizability. Intricate or abstract makeup applications may be challenging for young children to understand or appreciate. Simple designs, such as animal faces or cartoon characters, allow children to readily identify and connect with the makeup. This approach fosters a sense of participation and enjoyment, ensuring that the makeup enhances rather than detracts from their Halloween experience. Ease of recognition also aids in facilitating positive social interaction and shared understanding among peers.

In summation, the selection of age-appropriate designs is not merely an aesthetic consideration; it is a fundamental aspect of ensuring a safe, positive, and enjoyable Halloween experience for young girls. By minimizing potentially disturbing imagery, promoting cultural sensitivity, and prioritizing simplicity and recognizability, parents and guardians can utilize makeup to enhance the spirit of Halloween in a way that is developmentally appropriate and emotionally supportive. Neglecting this aspect can inadvertently undermine the intended positive outcomes and potentially lead to negative experiences for the child.

5. Minimal Complexity

The principle of minimal complexity is inextricably linked to the successful creation of straightforward Halloween makeup applications intended for young girls. Complex makeup designs necessitate a higher level of artistic skill, a wider range of specialized products, and a significantly longer application time. These factors render such designs impractical for a demographic often characterized by limited patience and the availability of a parent or guardian who may lack extensive makeup artistry expertise. Therefore, the concept of easy Halloween makeup for girls inherently requires a design philosophy centered on minimal complexity. Examples include single-color washes, basic geometric shapes, and simplified character representations that require only a few essential steps.

Reducing complexity directly impacts the feasibility and enjoyment of the makeup application process. A simple cat face, consisting of painted whiskers, a black nose, and minimal eyeliner, exemplifies a design that adheres to this principle. Such a design can be completed quickly using readily available materials and requires minimal artistic skill. Conversely, attempting a full-face character transformation involving intricate shading, highlighting, and multiple color layers would likely result in frustration and a diminished sense of accomplishment. The practical application of this principle extends to product selection; cream-based paints that blend easily and stencils for creating uniform shapes contribute to a simpler and more manageable process.

In conclusion, minimal complexity is not merely a desirable attribute, but a fundamental prerequisite for accessible Halloween makeup designs for young girls. Simplifying designs, employing user-friendly products, and streamlining application processes are essential strategies for ensuring a positive and successful experience. Adherence to this principle facilitates creativity, promotes inclusivity, and ensures that Halloween makeup enhances rather than detracts from the overall enjoyment of the holiday. Ignoring this key factor can lead to increased frustration, a heightened risk of mistakes, and ultimately, a less satisfying outcome for both the child and the adult responsible for application.

6. Skin sensitivity awareness

Skin sensitivity awareness plays a pivotal role in the context of simple Halloween makeup designs for young girls. Given the potential for adverse reactions to cosmetic ingredients, a proactive understanding of skin sensitivities is not merely advisable, but essential for ensuring a safe and enjoyable Halloween experience. This awareness extends to product selection, application techniques, and post-application care, mitigating the risk of irritation, allergic reactions, or more severe dermatological issues.

  • Ingredient Analysis and Selection

    A critical component of skin sensitivity awareness involves meticulous examination of product ingredient lists. Common irritants, such as parabens, fragrances, and certain dyes, should be actively avoided. Selecting hypoallergenic and non-comedogenic products designed for sensitive skin reduces the likelihood of adverse reactions. Real-world application includes opting for face paints certified by reputable organizations and verifying the absence of known allergens before application. Failure to do so can result in contact dermatitis, characterized by redness, itching, and inflammation.

  • Patch Testing Protocol

    Prior to full application, a patch test should be conducted to assess individual skin reactions. A small amount of the chosen makeup product is applied to a discreet area, such as the inner arm, and observed for 24-48 hours. The absence of any adverse reaction indicates a lower risk of sensitivity. This proactive measure provides a valuable safeguard against widespread allergic reactions. For instance, if a child exhibits redness or itching at the patch test site, that particular product should be avoided entirely.

  • Application Technique Modification

    The manner in which makeup is applied can also influence skin sensitivity. Minimizing friction and pressure during application reduces the potential for irritation. Using soft brushes and gently dabbing or patting makeup onto the skin is preferable to aggressive rubbing or smearing. In cases of known sensitivities, applying a barrier cream, such as a hypoallergenic moisturizer, prior to makeup application can provide an additional layer of protection. This preventative measure minimizes direct contact between the makeup pigments and the skin.

  • Post-Application Cleansing and Care

    Thorough and gentle removal of makeup is crucial for maintaining skin health and preventing irritation. Using a mild, fragrance-free cleanser designed for sensitive skin is recommended. Avoidance of harsh scrubbing or the use of abrasive cloths is essential. Following cleansing, the application of a soothing moisturizer helps to restore the skin’s natural barrier and prevent dryness. Neglecting proper post-application care can exacerbate pre-existing sensitivities or trigger new reactions. The consistent application of gentle cleansing and moisturizing practices is paramount.

The integration of these facets into the planning and execution of simple Halloween makeup for young girls demonstrates a commitment to prioritizing skin health and safety. By diligently analyzing ingredients, conducting patch tests, modifying application techniques, and implementing comprehensive post-application care, the potential for adverse reactions can be significantly minimized, ensuring a positive and enjoyable Halloween experience for all participants. The absence of such awareness introduces avoidable risks and undermines the fundamental goal of providing a safe and celebratory environment.

7. Clear instructions

The availability of explicit and easily understood guidance is a fundamental prerequisite for the successful execution of simple Halloween makeup applications for young girls. The target demographicoften composed of parents or guardians with limited makeup artistry experiencenecessitates instructional materials that are unambiguous, concise, and readily comprehensible. The absence of such clarity can lead to errors, frustration, and ultimately, a diminished sense of accomplishment. Therefore, clear instructions form the bedrock upon which successful and enjoyable makeup experiences are built.

  • Step-by-Step Breakdown

    Clear instructions necessitate a sequential breakdown of the makeup application process into discrete, manageable steps. Each step should be articulated in a manner that minimizes ambiguity and presupposes no prior knowledge. For instance, “Apply a thin layer of white face paint to the entire face using a sponge” offers greater clarity than a vague instruction such as “Apply white face paint.” Real-world applications include instructional pamphlets that accompany makeup kits, featuring numbered steps accompanied by illustrative diagrams. The implications of this approach are significant; it reduces the likelihood of errors and empowers even novice users to achieve satisfactory results.

  • Visual Aids

    Complementing textual instructions with visual aidssuch as photographs or diagramssignificantly enhances comprehension. A photograph demonstrating the correct application technique or a diagram illustrating the placement of specific makeup elements (e.g., where to apply eyeliner to create a cat-eye effect) can be invaluable. Online tutorials that incorporate video demonstrations exemplify this facet. The benefit is two-fold: visual aids clarify ambiguous instructions and cater to individuals who are primarily visual learners. Their inclusion significantly increases the likelihood of successful makeup application.

  • Material Specifications

    Clear instructions must explicitly specify the materials required for each step of the makeup application. This includes detailing the specific type of makeup product (e.g., water-based face paint, cream eyeliner), the necessary tools (e.g., makeup sponges, brushes of varying sizes), and any supplementary items (e.g., stencils, glitter). A shopping list that accompanies the instructions provides a practical implementation of this principle. The repercussions of omitting this level of detail can be significant; users may inadvertently substitute inappropriate materials, leading to suboptimal results or even adverse reactions.

  • Troubleshooting Guidance

    Comprehensive instructions anticipate potential difficulties and provide troubleshooting guidance to address common errors. For example, if a user applies too much face paint, the instructions should offer a solution, such as “Dab gently with a clean sponge to remove excess paint.” Similarly, if the eyeliner appears uneven, the instructions should suggest “Use a cotton swab dipped in makeup remover to correct the line.” Online forums dedicated to makeup application often feature troubleshooting sections. The inclusion of such guidance instills confidence and empowers users to overcome challenges independently, ultimately contributing to a more positive and rewarding experience.

The foregoing facets collectively underscore the vital link between clear instructions and successful Halloween makeup applications for young girls. By providing step-by-step breakdowns, incorporating visual aids, specifying material requirements, and offering troubleshooting guidance, instructional materials can transform a potentially daunting task into an achievable and enjoyable activity. The ultimate outcome is a heightened sense of accomplishment, enhanced creativity, and a more positive overall Halloween experience.

8. Affordable Supplies

The feasibility of creating simple Halloween makeup designs for young girls hinges significantly on the accessibility of affordable supplies. The economic aspect dictates the inclusivity and practicality of such endeavors, ensuring that creative expression is not limited by financial constraints. Affordable supplies, therefore, become a critical enabler in the democratization of Halloween festivities.

  • Drugstore Alternatives

    Readily available drugstore alternatives represent a cornerstone of affordable makeup supplies. Many reputable brands offer budget-friendly face paints, eyeliners, and makeup brushes that perform adequately for simple Halloween designs. Utilizing these alternatives reduces the financial burden associated with high-end cosmetic products. For instance, a basic face paint palette from a drugstore can provide sufficient color options for creating animal faces or fairy-tale characters, negating the need for costly professional-grade paints. The use of drugstore alternatives expands accessibility to a broader economic spectrum.

  • DIY and Repurposed Materials

    Employing do-it-yourself (DIY) techniques and repurposing existing materials further minimizes expenses. Homemade face paint, crafted from simple ingredients like cornstarch, flour, and food coloring, offers a cost-effective alternative to commercial products. Similarly, repurposed household items, such as cotton swabs, sponges, and even cardboard for creating stencils, reduce the reliance on specialized makeup tools. This approach fosters resourcefulness and reduces the overall cost outlay. An example is creating a simple butterfly mask using cardboard and decorating it with paint and glitter instead of purchasing a pre-made mask.

  • Multi-Use Products

    Selecting multi-use makeup products streamlines the makeup kit and minimizes expenses. A single eyeliner pencil, for example, can be used to create outlines, draw whiskers, and define eyes, reducing the need for multiple specialized pencils. Similarly, a versatile cream blush can function as both cheek color and lip tint, further simplifying the makeup collection. This approach maximizes the utility of each product and reduces the overall cost. Choosing multi-use items promotes efficiency and affordability.

  • Bulk Purchases and Sharing

    Opting for bulk purchases, particularly for commonly used items like face paint or glitter, can yield significant cost savings. Additionally, sharing supplies with friends or family further reduces the financial burden on individual households. Purchasing a large container of white face paint, which can be used as a base for various designs, and then dividing it among multiple users exemplifies this approach. Cooperative purchasing and sharing arrangements promote community involvement and minimize individual expenses.

These facets collectively highlight the integral connection between affordable supplies and the creation of simple Halloween makeup designs for young girls. By strategically utilizing drugstore alternatives, embracing DIY techniques, selecting multi-use products, and leveraging bulk purchases and sharing arrangements, the economic barrier to participation in Halloween festivities is significantly lowered. This accessibility ensures that creative expression and seasonal celebrations are within reach for a wider segment of the population, enhancing the overall enjoyment and inclusivity of the holiday.

9. Parental supervision

Parental supervision constitutes a non-negotiable element in the realm of simple Halloween makeup applications for young girls. The connection arises from multiple factors encompassing safety, age-appropriateness, and the practical execution of makeup application. The direct influence of parental oversight mitigates risks associated with potentially harmful ingredients, inappropriate designs, and improper application techniques. A lack of adequate supervision can result in adverse skin reactions, emotional distress, or compromised aesthetic outcomes. For example, a child left unsupervised may inadvertently ingest makeup products, increasing the risk of toxicity, or select designs featuring overtly frightening or sexually suggestive themes inappropriate for their age.

The practical significance of parental supervision extends beyond the mitigation of potential harm. Active parental involvement fosters a positive and educational experience. Parents can guide the selection of age-appropriate and culturally sensitive designs, ensuring that the makeup aligns with the child’s developmental stage and avoids perpetuating harmful stereotypes. Furthermore, parental assistance ensures the proper application of makeup, reducing the risk of eye irritation or allergic reactions. For instance, a parent can carefully apply eyeliner to prevent it from entering the child’s eye or ensure that glitter is applied safely away from sensitive areas. The parent also assumes responsibility for the proper removal of the makeup, further minimizing the risk of skin irritation or staining. This ensures a safe and enjoyable experience.

In conclusion, parental supervision is not merely an ancillary aspect of simple Halloween makeup for young girls; it is an indispensable component. Its presence ensures safety, promotes age-appropriateness, and fosters a positive and educational experience. The absence of adequate parental oversight exposes children to unnecessary risks, potentially transforming a festive activity into a negative and potentially harmful experience. Therefore, responsible application of Halloween makeup for children necessitates active and informed parental involvement at every stage of the process.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries and concerns surrounding the application of Halloween makeup to young girls, focusing on safety, appropriateness, and practical considerations.

Question 1: What constitutes “safe” face paint for children?

Safe face paints for children are characterized by non-toxic, hypoallergenic formulations. Products bearing certifications from reputable regulatory bodies and explicitly labeled for use on children’s skin are preferable. A thorough review of the ingredient list to identify and avoid known allergens is advisable.

Question 2: How can skin irritation be minimized during makeup application?

Minimizing skin irritation involves selecting gentle products, applying a barrier cream prior to makeup, and utilizing soft application tools. Avoiding excessive pressure or friction during application is also recommended. A patch test 24-48 hours before full application can identify potential sensitivities.

Question 3: What are examples of age-appropriate Halloween makeup designs for young girls?

Age-appropriate designs typically encompass animal faces, fairy-tale characters, or stylized versions of traditional Halloween figures that are devoid of gore or violence. Simplicity and recognizability are key. Designs should align with the child’s developmental stage and interests.

Question 4: What is the recommended method for removing Halloween makeup from a child’s face?

The recommended removal method involves utilizing a gentle, fragrance-free cleanser specifically designed for sensitive skin. Avoid harsh scrubbing and follow with a moisturizing cream to restore the skin’s natural barrier. Water-based makeup typically removes more easily than oil-based formulations.

Question 5: How can cultural appropriation be avoided when selecting Halloween makeup designs?

Cultural appropriation can be avoided by refraining from using costumes or makeup that misrepresents or trivializes cultural identities. Educating oneself about the origins and significance of cultural symbols is crucial. Opting for designs that celebrate personal interests and creativity, rather than borrowing from other cultures without understanding, is preferable.

Question 6: What is the appropriate level of parental supervision required during Halloween makeup application?

Active parental supervision is required throughout the entire process, from product selection to application and removal. Parents should ensure the safety of the ingredients, appropriateness of the design, and proper application techniques. Parental oversight minimizes risks and fosters a positive experience.

These frequently asked questions highlight the essential considerations for ensuring a safe, enjoyable, and responsible Halloween makeup experience for young girls. Prioritizing safety, age-appropriateness, and informed decision-making is paramount.

Tips for Simple Halloween Makeup for Girls

The following tips provide practical guidance for creating effective and safe Halloween makeup applications for young girls, emphasizing simplicity and minimizing potential risks.

Tip 1: Prioritize Non-Toxic Products: Scrutinize product labels and select face paints explicitly designated as non-toxic and hypoallergenic. Water-based formulations are generally preferred for their ease of removal and reduced risk of irritation. Consult reputable product reviews to identify brands with positive safety records.

Tip 2: Conduct a Patch Test: Before applying makeup to the entire face, perform a patch test on a small area of skin, such as the inner arm. Observe for 24-48 hours to identify potential allergic reactions. This precautionary measure mitigates the risk of widespread skin irritation.

Tip 3: Choose Age-Appropriate Designs: Select makeup designs that are consistent with the child’s developmental stage and emotional maturity. Avoid designs featuring excessive gore, violence, or potentially frightening imagery. Animal faces, fairy-tale characters, or simple geometric patterns are generally well-suited for younger children.

Tip 4: Simplify Application Techniques: Opt for straightforward application methods that require minimal artistic skill. Utilizing stencils, sponges, and pre-mixed color palettes can streamline the process. Designs that can be completed in a limited timeframe are more likely to maintain the child’s attention and cooperation.

Tip 5: Employ Gentle Cleansing Methods: Remove makeup promptly after use with a mild, fragrance-free cleanser designed for sensitive skin. Avoid harsh scrubbing or the use of abrasive cloths. Follow cleansing with a moisturizing cream to restore the skin’s natural barrier.

Tip 6: Promote Parental Supervision: Ensure active parental involvement throughout the entire makeup application process. This includes product selection, application, and removal. Parental supervision minimizes risks and facilitates a positive and enjoyable experience.

Tip 7: Avoid Glitter and Heavy Adhesives: Minimize the use of glitter and heavy adhesives, as these materials can be difficult to remove and may cause skin irritation. Opt for designs that do not necessitate these products.

By adhering to these tips, creating simple Halloween makeup for girls can be a safe, enjoyable, and successful experience.

The concluding section will summarize the key recommendations and reinforce the importance of prioritizing safety and age-appropriateness.

Conclusion

This exploration of maquillajes de halloween fciles para nias has underscored the paramount importance of safety, age-appropriateness, and ease of execution. Prioritizing non-toxic materials, simple application techniques, and designs tailored to young children’s developmental stage is crucial for ensuring a positive and enjoyable Halloween experience. Parental supervision and meticulous attention to detail further mitigate potential risks.

The creation of Halloween makeup for young girls, therefore, should be approached with a measured and informed perspective. The focus should remain on fostering creativity and participation while safeguarding the well-being of the child. Responsible planning and execution are essential for transforming a potentially risky activity into a celebration of imagination and festive engagement.